Pencemaran Air Di Malaysia

Menjelang sambutan Hari Sungai Sedunia, Tabung Hidupan Liar Sedunia (WWF) Malaysia menyeru rakyat negara ini memberi perhatian terhadap isu pencemaran air yang kian meruncing.

Ketua Pegawai Eksekutif WWF Malaysia, Datuk Dr Dionysius Sharma berkata, isu itu telah menjadi masalah serius di Malaysia yang membawa kesan negatif terhadap kelestarian sumber air negara.

Di Klang dan Kuala Langat khususnya, kualiti air di perairan terbabit semakin merosot, disebabkan pembuangan sisa domestik ke dalam sungai, terutamanya dari kawasan perumahan dan perindustrian, juga pelepasan sisa pembangunan tanah dan pertanian.

Pertumbuhan ekonomi yang pesat dan pertambahan populasi menyebabkan permintaan untuk bekalan air bertambah yang seterusnya menyumbang kepada peningkatan pelepasan air sisa.

“Air sisa dari kawasan perumahan, komersial dan perindustrian menyebabkan bau busuk, khasnya dengan kehadiran sampah yang menjejaskan kualiti air hujan dan mencemarkan ekologi sungai,” kata Sharma dalam satu kenyataan pada Rabu.

Jelasnya, sungai tercemar turut mendatangkan kesan negatif ke atas tumbuh-tumbuhan serta organisma dan secara tidak langsung menjejaskan ekonomi negara, kerana kos merawat air tercemar adalah tinggi.

Menurut laporan kualiti alam sekitar yang dikeluarkan Jabatan Alam Sekitar, tahap pencemaran untuk 5.3 peratus daripada 473 sungai adalah 36.6 peratus, pada 2013.

“Walaupun peratusan sungai tercemar berkurangan sebanyak 1.7 peratus berbanding 2012, peratusan sungai yang sedikit tercemar meningkat sebanyak 2.6 peratus.

“Masalah pencemaran air kini semakin serius, dengan laporan menunjukkan trend menurun,” tegasnya.
Sempena sambutan Hari Sungai Sedunia pada Ahad ini, rakyat Malaysia digesa memikirkan kepentingan untuk memulihara sungai-sungai di negara ini.

Langkah-Langkah Mengatasi Pencemaran Air

a) Menyediakan tangki takungan bawah tanah yang dirawat.

Untuk mengatasi masalah pelepasan air buangan domestik supaya tidak dilepaskan terus ke dalam sistem perparitan maka adalah perlu disediakan tangki takungan bawah tanah dan dirawat menggunakan bioteknologi selaras dengan usaha negara menjadikan Malaysia sebagai pusat bioteknologi rawatan air (Utusan Malaysia, 2006). Malah, pihak kerajaan seharusnya memperuntukkan sejumlah wang supaya sistem perparitan daripada kawasan perumahan terutama kawasan perindustrian dan juga pengusaha kedai makanan perlu dibina saluran paip khas supaya air buangan dapat dikumpulkan di kolam takungan sebelum disalirkan ke dalam sistem perparitan.

b) Menambah bilangan tong sampah di pusat pengumpulan sampah.

Hasil tinjauan juga mendapati bahawa pengurusan sampah yang lemah bukan sahaja pada peringkat sekolah tetapi juga peringkat majlis perbandaran yang menyebabkan sampah sarap bertaburan merata tempat.

Oleh itu, diperingkat sekolah pengurusan peletakan tong sampah perlu diambil kira. Tong sampah perlu ditambah di tempat strategik sebagai pusat pengumpulan sampah supaya sampah tidak melimpah.

c) Pemasangan perangkap sampah.

Untuk mengatasi sampah sarap dialirkan oleh air melalui longkang, adalah perlu supaya perangkap sampah dipasang di tempat-tempat strategik di sepanjang parit utama untuk memerangkap sampah sarap juga memudahkan pengurusan penyelenggaraan.

d) Penyelenggaraan sistem perparitan berkala.

Untuk memastikan supaya sampah sarap tidak menyebabkan sistem perparitan tidak tersumbat maka penyelenggaraan berkala seharusnya dijalankan iaitu 1 atau 2 kali sebulan. Dengan cara ini, maka sampah sarap tidak akan menyebabkan sekatan air sekali gus sampah tidak terlepas ke sistem saliran utama di sungai.

e) Kempen kesedaran melalui iklan TV.

Untuk mengatasi masalah sikap kebanyakan penduduk yang bersikap 'tidak apa' perlu ditangani. kempen kesedaran melalui Iklan TV mengenai kesan sikap individu yang membuang sampah tanpa memikirkan kesannya. Oleh itu, adalah perlu setiap individu berubah kita seharusnya tidak mementingkan diri sendiri. Kita harus fikirkan keadaan generasi akan datang yang terpaksa menanggung hasil tindakan yang kita buat hari ini. Adalah menjadi harapan agar individu mula mencerminkan diri. Sudah tiba masanya kita kembali siapa kita sebenar yang memerlukan 'soul reawakening'.

Perkhidmatan Bekalan Air

BIL	NEGERI	PERATURAN	TARIKH KUATKUASA
1.	Johor	Peraturan-Peraturan Industri Perkhidmatan Air (Kadar Perkhidmatan Bekalan Air) (Negeri Johor) (Pindaan) 2015	1 Ogos 2015
2.	Melaka	Peraturan-Peraturan Industri Perkhidmatan Air (Kadar Perkhidmatan Bekalan Air) (Negeri Melaka) (Pindaan) 2015	1 Mei 2015
3.	Negeri Sembilan	Peraturan-Peraturan Industri Perkhidmatan Air (Kadar Perkhidmatan Bekalan Air) (Negeri Sembilan) (Pindaan) 2015	1 Mei 2015
4.	Pulau Pinang	Peraturan-Peraturan Industri Perkhidmatan Air (Kadar Perkhidmatan Bekalan Air) (Negeri Pulau Pinang) (Pindaan) 2015	15 Februari 2015
5.	Wilayah Persekutuan Labuan	Peraturan-Peraturan Industri Perkhidmatan Air (Kadar Perkhidmatan Bekalan Air) (Wilayah Persekutuan Labuan) (Pindaan) 2015	1 Ogos 2015

Langkah-Langkah Yang Akan,Sedang dan Telah Diambil Untuk Menjamin Integriti,Kualiti Dan Kuantiti Sumber Dan Bekalan Air Bersih di Seluruh Negara

Kerajaan sedang melaksanakan pelbagai usaha bagi memampankan pengurusan sumber air dan pada masa yang sama menambah baik pengurusan bekalan air di seluruh negara supaya integriti dan kualiti air terjamin dan kuantiti air mencukupi untuk memenuhi keperluan bekalan air di negara ini. Usaha-usaha tersebut merangkumi tindakan seperti berikut:

(i) melaksanakan pengurusan aset air yang cekap dan efektif seperti menaik taraf dan membaikpulih loji rawatan air, menggantikan paip-paip usang dan mewujudkan sistem agihan yang saling bersambungan bagi menjamin bekalan air yang berterusan semasa krisis;

(ii) menyediakan prasarana bekalan air baru secara berperingkat-peringkat mengikut keutamaan;

(iii) memastikan semua operator air mewujudkan pelan tindakan kecemasan semasa kemarau dan krisis pencemaran air bagi meminimumkan kesulitan pengguna;

(iv) memastikan semua operator air mewujudkan pelan henti tugas secara berjadual disebabkan kerja-kerja naik taraf sistem bekalan air bagi mengurangkan kesan gangguan bekalan air kepada pengguna; dan

(v) mengesyorkan supaya setiap kerajaan negeri membuat pindaan ke atas enakmen air negeri masing-masing dengan memasukkan peruntukan yang membolehkan kawalan dan pengawalseliaan terhadap sumber air dan kawasan tadahan dikuatkuasakan secara sistematik dan berkesan.

Bagi menjamin kualiti sumber dan bekalan air bersih di seluruh negara, Kementerian telah mengambil langkah-langkah berikut:

(i) pengawalseliaan kualiti air melalui program audit teknikal sistem bekalan air oleh Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN) dan Jabatan Bekalan Air (JBA) dan menetapkan kualiti air sebagai salah satu Key Performance Indicator (KPI) operator air;

(ii) menjalin kerjasama dengan Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia dan Jabatan Kimia Malaysia dalam aspek pemantauan kualiti air melalui Program Kawalan Mutu Air Minum (KMAM) bagi memastikan air terawat selamat untuk digunakan; dan

(iii) menjalin kerjasama dengan Jabatan Alam Sekitar dan badan kawal selia air negeri dalam memantau pencemaran sumber air.

Manakala langkah-langkah yang diambil untuk menjamin kuantiti sumber dan bekalan air adalah seperti berikut:

i) meningkatkan kecekapan operasi operator air melalui pengawalselian SPAN termasuk memantau dan menetapkan KPI untuk program mengurangkan kadar kehilangan air tidak berhasil (NRW);

ii) melaksanakan program penyaluran air mentah dan terawat bagi memastikan negeri yang mengalami kekurangan sumber air mempunyai sumber air yang mencukupi;

iii) meneroka sumber-sumber air alternatif seperti air bawah tanah, kolam, tasik, retention pond dan lain-lain untuk dijadikan punca air tambahan dan rizab pada masa hadapan bagi menghadapi masalah pemanasan global (global warming) dan perubahan cuaca dunia (climate change); dan

iv) memupuk kesedaran pengguna bagi menggalakkan penjimatan air serta penggunaan air secara berhemah melalui kempen di media cetak dan elektronik.



Kejayaan untuk memastikan air sentiasa bersih dan mencukupi amat bergantung juga dengan sikap pengguna. Sekiranya pengguna tidak prihatin terhadap pemeliharaan sumber air daripada pencemaran, semua usaha-usaha tersebut di atas tidak akan membuahkan hasil dan boleh menyebabkan negara kehilangan sumber-sumber air yang andal untuk bekalan air di masa akan datang.

7 Ways To Lose Weight By Drinking More Water With Your Diet

If you're looking for quick and easy ways to lose weight, look no further than your very own kitchen. Your water faucet can help shed the water weight and help you look healthier and thinner. According to the Food and Nutrition Board at the Institute of Medicine, healthy women should ingest about 11 cups (91 oz.) of water whereas healthy men should around 15 cups (125 oz.) of water a day, from all food and beverages. Your daily intake of water is affected by age, weight, activity level, and environmental factors such as altitude. With just drinking two cups of water before you consume all of your three meals, you can lose the weight and keep it off.


In a recent study published in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, researchers reviewed 11 previous studies to examine the association between water consumption and body weight. Out of the 11 studies that were evaluated, three of them showed that an increased water intake among dieters was tied to greater weight loss. Brenda Davy, a professor at Virginia Tech and leader of some work in the review believes that drinking water before a meal contributes to significant weight loss. In Davy's group, a study found that middle aged and older adults who drank two cups of water before a meal reportedly lost four more pounds than the group that didn't drink the two cups of H2O. Water can suppress feelings of hunger by making the body feel full and therefore reduce an individual's calorie intake.


"It's best to consume the bulk of your water away from foods [and] meals," said Dr. Katrina Wilhelm, a naturopathic physician in Lake Oswego, Ore. "30 minutes both sides of a meal should do," said Wilhem, as separating the two will aid digestion by keeping the stomach acid concentrated so it can function efficiently. Drinking water, especially the right type of water, will help ensure that it is free from all harmful contaminants and preserves healthy minerals present in the water.


Increase your water consumption in your diet by following these quick-and-easy, cost effective ways to lose weight.


Drink Water Every Two Hours





Spacing out your water consumption throughout the day will ensure that your body is replenished and gets rid of excess water weight. If you only consume water when you are thirsty then your body will be depleted of necessary fluids and retain the water weight.According to Riverside Health System, a rule of thumb of how much water you need is based on the color of your urine. If you have a dark yellow-colored urine it is a strong indication that you need more fluids in your body. For healthy, light-colored urine, it is important to drink a glass of water when you wake up in the morning and then every two hours. Even after you use the restroom, drink another glass of water so that your body is plenty replenished.


Add Flavor To Your Water


Water is known for being tasteless and therefore it has a low popularity of satisfying taste buds. However, there are healthy alternatives to add some flavor to good, old-fashioned H2O. Wilhelm advises dieters to steer clear of fake sugars which are becoming popular as a zero calorie sweetener. "These compounds trigger the part of the brain that responds to sugar so we see clearly in research that people consuming these products don't lose weight, and in fact, tend to gain weight," she said.


Wilhelm uses an effervescent electrolyte power that tastes just like raspberry lemonade as her flavored water drink of choice because of its dual power. The minerals found in this flavored water can build bone density and overall improve the taste of plain water. "If someone is trying to cut down their soda intake, mineral water that is naturally flavored would be a great substitute," she said.


Opt For Green Iced Tea


Green tea is known to be rich in its antioxidants and flavonoids which can boost your metabolism while you get your water intake. For an easy summertime drink, prepare hot tea with boiled water as usual and then pour the hot tea water over a glass of ice. Refrain from adding any sweeteners to your iced tea as it can interfere with your overall health and weight loss goal.


For additional iced tea recipes that can boost your body's metabolism and can help you shed the pounds easily, look for iced tea varieties recipes on Dr. Oz's website.


Sparkling Water


Sparkling, also commonly known as carbonated water is an alternative to plain water for those who wish to satisfy their soda cravings without consuming in the high-sugar carbonated beverage. If you are on a low-sodium diet and would like to try sparkling water, it is important to take notice of the sodium content in your drink, especially if you are trying to lose weight. Drinking sparkling water may worsen the condition of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) due to the release of CO2 that can often cause bloating and gas. If you have IBS, it is best to stick to plain water.


Produce In Water


The addition of fruit and veggies to your water can add a lot of flavor. Fruit-infused water oragua fresca involves adding lemon, limes, grapefruit, oranges, raspberries, or even watermelon to a pitcher of water in the fridge to give it a zesty flavor. It is important to let the water and fruits simmer for an extended period of time before you consume water. Wilhelm believes the best alternatives to flavored water are slices of fresh fruits or vegetables. To avoid saturating your water with inorganic chemicals, use the Environmental Working Group (EWG) dirty dozen list will help you choose organic produce.


Eat Your Water


Fruits that contain a high percentage of water should be consumed to increase your water intake. Watermelon is made up of 92 percent water and approximately 6 percent sugar, says the University of Kentucky College of Agriculture. Other fruits that have high water intake include strawberries, grapefruit, and cantaloupe.


Water In Soup


Aside from consuming fruits, hot and cold soups can help boost your water consumption.


"Incorporate chilled soups such as melon soups, gazpacho as well as hot soups including vegetable, broths, minestrone, lentil and more," says Stacy Goldberg, MPH, RN, BSN and CEO Founder of Savorfull. "Aim for low sodium soups!"


An alternative to consuming soup through biting veggies is to have pureed soups that blend all the ingredients together. Take cooked vegetables, put them in a blender with the broth and you have pureed soup.

Transboundary Water Resources

THE IMPORTANCE OF CLEAN WATER

Fresh water is one of our most vital resources, and when our water is polluted it is not only devastating to the environment, but also to human health. The US relies on public water systems to treat and deliver just over 44 billion gallons of clean water each day to our homes, schools and businesses. Much of that water comes from rivers, lakes and other surface water sources. Before it is delivered to our homes it is treated to remove chemicals, particulates (e.g., soot and silt) and bacteria. This clean, potable water is then used for cooking, drinking, cleaning, bathing, watering our lawns and so forth.

Approximately 43 million (or 15 percent) of Americans rely on their own private drinking water supplies from groundwater wells.


Those that are served by public sanitation systems rely on sewers to keep untreated wastewater from being released into the environment where it could potentially contaminate our drinking water sources and the natural environment. When the water goes down the drain or is flushed down the toilet, it usually enters a sewer system where it travels to a wastewater treatment plant. The plant treats the wastewater and removes solid waste and other contaminants before releasing the treated

water it into the environment. Depending on the type of treatment the wastewater receives, water that is released could have different levels of quality from the water body into which it is released.


Even though our local and federal governments make large investments each year to keep our water clean and safe, our water systems still do not receive the amount of funding needed to keep them working properly. A 2007 EPA survey found that water and wastewater infrastructure projects across the country will need a total of $334.8 billion for the 20-year period from January 2007 through December 2027. Unfortunately, during fiscal year 2012, allotments from the Clean Water State Revolving Fund G totaled only $1.5 billion for all states. As a result of underfunding, much of our aging infrastructure either doesn’t work properly or is in need of upgrades, all while strained by a growing population, economic development and climate change variability.


One result of underfunding water infrastructure is massive water main breaks. For example, in 2010, a massive main break in Boston led to an order for the public to boil water that affected 2 million people. According to a 2012 report by The American Water Works Association, restoring, replacing and expanding our existing water systems to accommodate a growing population will cost at least $1 trillion over the next 25 years, if we expect to simply tread water and maintain current levels of service.

Although the majority of American homes are hooked up to public sewer systems, about one-third rely on septic systems — underground tanks that receive a household’s wastewater, digest it and release treated water into an underground leach field. Septic systems require regular maintenance to ensure that they are not leaching untreated waste.

Likewise, underfunded wastewater infrastructure leads to between 23,000 and 75,000 sewage leaks each year, allowing, on average, 1.26 trillion gallons of untreated sewage to leak into our waterways at a clean-up cost of over $50 billion. According to the EPA, 40 percent of all waterways in the US do not meet national water quality standards, due in large part, to leaking sewer systems. A national survey also found that over half of US rivers and streams are in a state of poor biological condition which harms the viability of those waterways to sustain healthy populations of aquatic insects and other aquatic life.


Furthermore, a recent analysis found that the number of beach closing and advisory days in 2011 reached the third-highest level in the 22-year history of analyses, totaling 23,481 days. More than two-thirds of those were due to bacteria levels that exceeded public health standards, indicating the presence of human or animal waste in the water. Illnesses commonly caused by sewage contamination in water systems include diarrhea, hepatitis A, meningitis, ulcers, myocarditis (inflammation of the heart) and a number of other diseases. These high numbers confirm that the nation's beaches continue to suffer from serious water pollution.


The quality of our water is directly linked to the quality of our lives. By supporting clean water initiatives and similar measures that improve our water and wastewater treatment systems, we can each have a hand in ensuring clean, safe water for ourselves, our families and our communities.